Overwintering and breeding patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in coastal plain habitats of the southeastern USA
Kendrick MR, McCord JW. Scientific reports, June 2023.
Read the paper Free to read · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37225-7
What this paper is about
Five years of capture, mark and recapture at two coastal plain sites in South Carolina, comparing where monarchs were, whether they were mating, and which milkweeds the caterpillars used.
The southeastern coastal plain holds monarchs that overwinter and breed rather than migrating to Mexico, and the two habitats were used at different times of year.
Summarised here from the abstract below. Not the authors’ words.
Abstract
Understanding variability in species' traits can inform our understanding of their ecology and aid in the development of management and conservation strategies. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are native to the western hemisphere and are well-known for their long-distance migrations but have experienced significant population declines in recent decades. Here we use a 5-year capture-mark-recapture dataset to compare monarch distributions, mating activity, and larval host plant use between two coastal plain habitats in South Carolina, USA. We observed seasonally specific habitat use, with maritime habitats serving as overwintering areas while nearby inland swamps support significant breeding in spring, summer, and fall seasons due to an abundance of aquatic milkweed (Asclepias perennis). We also observed mating activity by fall migrating monarchs and their use of swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre) in the spring as an important larval host plant in maritime habitats. This phenology and habitat use of monarchs diverges from established paradigms and suggest that a distinct population segment of monarchs may exist, with significance for understanding the conservation status of monarch butterflies and associated habitats in eastern North America. Further research should explore how monarchs along the Atlantic coast of North America relate to other eastern monarch populations.
Abstract reproduced from the published paper, which is licensed CC BY. Copyright remains with the authors.
Milkweeds in this paper
- Aquatic Milkweed Asclepias perennis
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Milkweed USA. (2026). Overwintering and breeding patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in coastal plain habitats of the southeastern USA (listing). Retrieved DATE, from https://milkweedusa.com/research/overwintering-and-breeding-patterns-of-monarch-butterflies-danaus-plexippus-2023/
"Overwintering and breeding patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in coastal plain habitats of the southeastern USA (listing)." Milkweed USA, 2026, https://milkweedusa.com/research/overwintering-and-breeding-patterns-of-monarch-butterflies-danaus-plexippus-2023/. Accessed DATE.
Milkweed USA. "Overwintering and breeding patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in coastal plain habitats of the southeastern USA (listing)." Last modified 2026-08-01. Accessed DATE. https://milkweedusa.com/research/overwintering-and-breeding-patterns-of-monarch-butterflies-danaus-plexippus-2023/.
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title = {Overwintering and breeding patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in coastal plain habitats of the southeastern USA (listing)},
author = {{Milkweed USA}},
year = {2026},
url = {https://milkweedusa.com/research/overwintering-and-breeding-patterns-of-monarch-butterflies-danaus-plexippus-2023/},
note = {Accessed DATE}
}