Phenology and Abundance of Migratory and Breeding Populations of Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest 2012-2024
James DG, James TS. Insects, December 2025.
Read the paper Free to read · doi:10.3390/insects17010001
What this paper is about
Western monarchs are counted carefully at their Californian overwintering sites, but much less is known about where they are the rest of the year. This study assembled thirteen years of records from online reporting sites, social media and personal observation across the Pacific Northwest.
Warm-season numbers rose and fell on a two-to-four-year cycle matching the overwintering counts, but the authors found little evidence of a systematic decline in the region over that period.
Summarised here from the abstract below. Not the authors’ words.
Abstract
The decline of the monarch butterfly population in western North America has been documented by 28 years of community scientist counts from overwintering sites in California. However, no long-term studies on the status and dynamics of monarch populations during spring to fall are available. Using multiple datasets from online recording sites, social media, and personal observations, our study over 13 years shows increases and declines in warm-season populations in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) on a 2 to 4-year cycle that corresponds with fluctuations in overwintering populations. Overall, there was little evidence of a systemic decline in the abundance of monarchs in the PNW. Monarchs were reported in all PNW states and territories in all years, with the earliest annual first appearance in Oregon and the latest in British Columbia and a maximum seasonal range of 200 km north of the US/Canada border. Relatively equal numbers of unique sightings originated from each of three community scientist online recording platforms, with a larger number of unique sightings from personal observations/communications and multiple social media sites. The value of community scientist sightings for the rapid detection of substantial changes in populations was highlighted in August 2024 when weekly sighting data showed a substantial decline in PNW populations that may have been caused by poor survival of immature stages during a July heatwave. The conservation of monarchs in western North America will benefit from contemporary and high-value data on phenology and population dynamics, which we show can be provided by community science observations.
Abstract reproduced from the published paper, which is licensed CC BY. Copyright remains with the authors.
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Milkweed USA. (2026). Phenology and Abundance of Migratory and Breeding Populations of Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest 2012-2024 (listing). Retrieved DATE, from https://milkweedusa.com/research/phenology-and-abundance-of-migratory-and-breeding-populations-of-2025/
"Phenology and Abundance of Migratory and Breeding Populations of Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest 2012-2024 (listing)." Milkweed USA, 2026, https://milkweedusa.com/research/phenology-and-abundance-of-migratory-and-breeding-populations-of-2025/. Accessed DATE.
Milkweed USA. "Phenology and Abundance of Migratory and Breeding Populations of Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest 2012-2024 (listing)." Last modified 2026-08-01. Accessed DATE. https://milkweedusa.com/research/phenology-and-abundance-of-migratory-and-breeding-populations-of-2025/.
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title = {Phenology and Abundance of Migratory and Breeding Populations of Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest 2012-2024 (listing)},
author = {{Milkweed USA}},
year = {2026},
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